Bovine herpesvirus-1 infects activated CD4(+) lymphocytes

Acute virus infections can induce immune deficiencies, as shown by immunosuppression to a variety of antigens and mitogens. Previously we observed that live bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) induced considerable lymphocyte death in culture, suggesting that the virus infected one or more cell populations. Our goal was to identify the cells infected by BHV-1 and the mechanism resulting in cell death. ConA activated cells were cultured with BHV-1 and stained with monoclonal antibodies specific for virus envelope glycoproteins (gB, gC and go) and lymphocyte surface proteins (CD2, CD4 and CD8) and a molecule associated with gamma/delta cells. Two-colour immunofluorescence revealed that virus glycoproteins were preferentially expressed on T lymphocytes of the CD4(+) phenotype. Live virus was required for virus glycoprotein expression, and by 48 h considerable loss of CD4 expression was observed. To confirm virus replication, RNA was isolated from cells, reverse transcribed and amplified using primers to a 342 bp region of immediate-early and early genes (IER2.9/ER2.6) or a 392 bp region of an early gene (gD). Immediate-early/early gene products were detected in CD4(+) T lymphocytes but not in infectious virions. Lymphocyte apoptosis was observed by 7 h post-infection with increasing levels of cell death at 24-48 h after infection. These findings suggest that the loss of proliferating CD4(+) T cells during infection or vaccination with modified live vaccines provides the opportunity for secondary infections that commonly occur following BHV-1 infection.