Using Dual-Polarized Radar and Dual-Frequency Profiler for DSD Characterization: A Case Study from Darwin, Australia

Comparisons are made between the reflectivity Z, median volume diameter D-0, and rain rate R from a dual-frequency profiler and the C-band polarimetric radar (C-POL), which are both located near Darwin, Australia. Examples from the premonsoon "buildup" regime and the monsoon (oceanic) regime are used to illustrate the excellent agreement between the dual-profiler retrievals and the polarimetric radar-based retrievals. This work builds on similar works that were limited in scope to shallow tropical showers and predominantly stratiform rain events. The dual-frequency profiler retrievals of D-0 and R herein are based on ensemble statistics, whereas the polarimetric radar retrievals are based on algorithms derived by using one season of disdrometer data from Darwin along with scattering simulations. The latest drop shape versus D relation is used as well as the canting angle distribution results obtained from the 80-m fall bridge experiment in the scattering simulations. The scatterplot of D-0 from dual-frequency profiler versus Z(dr) measurements from C-POL is shown to be consistent not only with the theoretical simulations and prior data but also within prior predicted error bars for both stratiform rain as well as convective rain. Based on dual-frequency profiler-retrieved gamma drop size distribution parameters, a new smoothly varying "separator" indexing scheme has been developed that classifies between stratiform and convective rain types, including a continuous "transition" region between the two. This indexing technique has been applied on a number of low-elevation-angle plan position indicator (PPI) sweeps with the C-POL from the two regime examples, to construct "unconditioned" histograms of D-0 in stratiform and convective rain (to within the sensitivity of the radar). With reference to the latter, it is demonstrated that the distribution of D-0 is different in the buildup example than in the monsoon example, because of the differences in both the microphysical and kinematic features between the two regimes. In particular, (i) the mean D-0 is significantly larger in the buildup example than in the monsoon example, irrespective of rain type; (ii) the histogram width (or standard deviation) is much larger for the buildup example than the monsoon example, irrespective of rain type and (iii) the histogram skewness is negative for the monsoon regime example because of a lack of larger D-0 values, whereas the buildup histogram is positively skewed irrespective of rain type.