Human retinal molecular weight exclusion limit and estimate of species variation

PURPOSE. To determine the maximum size of molecule capable of freely diffusing across human retina, referred to as the retinal exclusion limit (REL), and the location of any sites of high resistance to diffusion. To assess the degree of interspecies variation in the REL of three animals commonly used to model human disease. METHODS. Trephines of human neuroretina were mounted in a modified Ussing chamber. FITC-dextrans of various molecular weights (MWT) were dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline, and the rate of transretinal diffusion was determined over 24 hours with a spectrophotometer. The theoretical REL was calculated by extrapolating the linear relationship between the rate of diffusion and log(MWT). In separate experiments to determine the sites of barrier to diffusion, FITC-dextrans with a MWT greater than the calculated REL were applied to either the inner or outer retinal surface, processed as frozen sections, and viewed with a fluorescence microscope. Experiments to determine the REL were repeated in bovine, porcine, and rabbit retina. RESULTS. The REL in human tissue was 76.5 +/- 1.5 kDa (6.11 +/- 0.04 nm). The inner and outer plexiform. layers formed the sites of highest resistance to diffusion. The REL in pigs, cattle, and rabbits were 60 +/- 11.5, 78.5 +/- 20.5, and 86 +/- 30 kDa, respectively (5.68 +/- 0.45, 6.18 +/- 0.61, and 6.38 +/- 0.88 nm). CONCLUSIONS. In humans, the inner and outer plexiform layers are sites of high resistance to the diffusion of large molecules, resulting in an REL of 76.5 kDa. There was only moderate interspecies variation in the REL of the animals studied, suggesting that they provide adequate models for the study of human transretinal macromolecular diffusion.