Seroprevalence of West Nile, Rift Valley, and sandfly arboviruses in Hashimiah, Jordan

We conducted a serosurvey among patients of a health center in Hashimiah, a Jordanian town of 30,000 inhabitants located near a wastewater treatment plant and its effluent channel. Serum samples from 261 patients greater than or equal to 5 years of age were assessed for immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibodies against West Nile, sandfly Sicilian, sandfly Naples, and Rift Valley viruses; the seroprevalence of IgG antibodies was 8%, 47%, 30%, and 0%, respectively. Female participants were more likely to have been infected than male. Persons living within 2 km of the treatment plant were more likely to have been infected with West Nile (p = 0.016) and sandfly Sicilian (p = 0.010) viruses. Raising domestic animals within the house was a risk factor for sandfly Sicilian (p = 0.003) but not for sandfly Naples virus (p = 0.148). All serum samples were negative for IgM antibodies against the tested viruses. Our study is the first documentation of West Nile and sandfly Viruses in Jordan and calls attention to the possible health hazards of living close to wastewater treatment plants and their effluent channels.