Prestoring Lithium into Stable 3D Nickel Foam Host as Dendrite-Free Lithium Metal Anode

Lithium metal is considered a "Holy Grail" of anode materials for high-energy-density batteries. However, both dendritic lithium deposition and infinity dimension change during long-term cycling have extremely restricted its practical applications for energy storage devices. Here, a thermal infusion strategy for prestoring lithium into a stable nickel foam host is demonstrated and a composite anode is achieved. In comparison with the bare lithium, the composite anode exhibits stable voltage profiles (200 mV at 5.0 mA cm(-2)) with a small hysteresis beyond 100 cycles in carbonate-based electrolyte, as well as high rate capability, significantly reduced interfacial resistance, and small polarization in a full-cell battery with Li4Ti5O12 or LiFePO4 as counter electrode. More importantly, in addition to the fact that lithium is successfully confined in the metallic nickel foam host, uniform lithium plating/stripping is achieved with a low dimension change (merely approximate to 3.1%) and effective inhibition of dendrite formation. The mechanism for uniform lithium stripping/plating behavior is explained based on a surface energy model.