Toward a multilevel model in longitudinal studies on computerization in offices

The theoretical framework of longitudinal field studies on office automation has expanded from the stress paradigm to the implementation and planning of change. Research has started to focus on the design processes of both the computer applications and work organizations simultaneously as opposed to the earlier descriptions of the effects of automation on stress and well-being. New technology should have a variety-increasing rather than a variety-decreasing effect on operations, by supporting flexible and adaptive work organizations instead of formalized hierarchical control and tight standardization of work routines. The goals of planning, the ways of organizing it, and leadership styles are decisive, as regards the benefits and quality of changes. In addition, assessment of possible new health and safety risks at the worksite level should be organized. One future risk factor is information overflow in a multimedia environment with increasing productivity demands. In this article, key psychological questions concerning the studies of new technology implementations in office settings from the health and safety perspective are discussed. A conceptual review of some previous studies is presented, with special emphasis on longitudinal research. The focus is more on research questions and methodology than on the presentation of empirical results as such. A multilevel process model for the study of change is presented that combines technological, organizational, and psychological change processes on both organizational and individual levels. Concerning the continuous change of information technology, work organization, and the age structure of labor force, future research needs are discussed.