Upper respiratory tract complications of gastroesophageal reflux in adult and pediatric-age patients

Upper airway complications of gastroesophageal reflux occur much less frequently than those aborad to the upper esophageal sphincter; however, laryngitis, laryngeal and/or tracheal stenosis, globus syndrome, oropharyngeal dysphagia, otitis media, sinusitis, and rhinitis can all be associated with significant morbidity and occasional mortality in both adult and pediatric patients. Sudden infant death and apparent life-threatening events, both found only in pediatric patients, are even less frequently associated with gastroesophageal reflux. Today, excellent diagnostic methods are available, such as proximal. 24-hour pH probe evaluations or scintigraphy, making proper diagnosis much easier than previously. Although today's medical and surgical methods do not affect the underlying pathophysiology, they are frequently very effective in controlling signs and symptoms, allowing the patients to return to resume their normal life-styles and livelihoods.