Dynamic isomiR regulation in Drosophila development

Several recent reports have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs) can exhibit heterogeneous ends and post-transcriptional nontemplate 39 end additions of uridines or adenosines. Using two small RNA deep-sequencing data sets, we show here that these miRNA isoforms (isomiRs) are differentially expressed across Drosophila melanogaster development and tissues. Specifically, we demonstrate that: (1) nontemplate nucleotide additions of adenosines to miRNA 39 ends are highly abundant in early development; (2) a subset of miRNAs with nontemplate 39 Us are expressed in adult tissues; and (3) the size of at least eight "mature'' (unmodified) miRNAs varies in a life-cycle or tissue-specific manner. These results suggest that subtle variability in isomiR expression, which is widely thought to be the result of inexact Dicer processing, is regulated and biologically meaningful. Indeed, a subset of the miRNAs enriched for 39 adenosine additions during early embryonic development, including miR-282 and miR-312, show enrichment for target sites in developmental genes that are expressed during late embryogenesis, suggesting that nontemplate additions increase miRNA stability or strengthen miRNA: target interactions. This work suggests that isomiR expression is an important aspect of miRNA biology, which warrants further investigation.