Hepatobiliary diseases in women

Most diseases of the hepatic and biliary systems affect both women and men. There are several disorders, however, that affect women differently than they affect men. Gallstones, primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), and autoimmune liver disease occur more often in women. The impact of alcohol on the liver is worse in women. Chronic liver disease from any cause can affect fertility. In addition, oral contraceptive use and pregnancy can have specific effects on the liver.