Electrochemistry at carbon nanotube electrodes

Since their discovery in 1991, carbon nanotubes have attracted much attention and generated a great deal of research interest due to their unique structures and properties. Both theoretical modeling and experimental work have been carried out concerning the production, purification, properties and applications of carbon nanotubes. In this review, applications of carbon nanotubes for electrochemical sensing of chemical and biological species are reviewed, with an emphasis placed on (1) improved voltammetric signals of small organic and inorganic species, (2) direct electrochemistry of biomacromolecules such as redox-active proteins, select enzymes, and DNA, and (3) selective determination of biologically important species in complex sample media.