Ultrahigh vacuum three-axis cryogenic sample manipulator for angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy

An ultrahigh vacuum three-axis cryogenic sample manipulator suitable for angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy experiments was developed. The sample manipulator is constructed by combining three modules with translation, polar rotation, and azimuthal-tilt rotation capabilities. Polar rotation and the azimuthal-tilt rotation are performed using a differentially pumped rotary stage and a sample goniometer, respectively. Continuous 360degrees rotation around the polar axis is possible. The sample goniometer is capable of azimuthal rotation of up to +/-180degrees and tilt rotation from +95degrees to -5degrees, measured from the plane normal to the polar axis. Nonmagnetic materials are used near the sample holder of the goniometer. The sample holder can be cooled using a continuous-flow cryostat. To serve as a radiation shield, the lower portion of the goniometer surrounding the sample holder is cooled separately by another cell filled with liquid nitrogen. With liquid nitrogen or liquid helium for the cryostat, the sample holder can be cooled down to 90 or 12.5 K, respectively. (C) 2003 American Institute of Physics.