The contribution of symmetry and motion to the recognition of faces at novel orientations

In three experiments, we examined the recognition of faces at novel orientations. Although performance tended to decay as difference between the study and the test angles increased, an orientation that was symmetric with respect to the study orientation showed strong performance-in many cases, better than the frontal view. We investigated the properties of this particular facility in perception and memory tasks. Symmetrized faces showed surprisingly different patterns of behavior than did unsymmetrized faces, despite the fact that many faces were already fairly symmetric. In memory experiments, the subjects showed robust symmetric orientation effects and could differentiate between the original study views and the symmetric orientation. In a third experiment, we demonstrated that smooth motion improved performance at the symmetric orientation, whereas two control motions did not. Together, the three experiments support the view that multiple representations are at work during the recognition of faces at the symmetric orientation and that, during memory tasks, subjects tend to rely on representations that are more robust against texture asymmetries and that may include limited depth information.