Macrophage damage by Leishmania amazonensis cytolysin:: Evidence of pore formation on cell membrane

We have previously shown that both promastigotes and amastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis contain a lytic protein that damages erythrocytes and nucleated cells, including macrophages (F. S. M. Noronha, F. J. Ramalho-Pinto, and M. F. Horta, Infect. Immun. 64:3975-3982, 1996). Using the patch-clamp technique, we show here that cell damage by parasite extracts is mediated by the formation of nonselective pores on the target membrane. This demonstrates that L. amazonensis cytolysin is a pore-forming protein (PFP), here named leishporin. We show that the diameters of the pores formed by parasite extracts are heterogeneous, varying from similar to 1.6 to >6.1 nm according to cytolysin concentration or time. We also show that pore formation involves the binding of the PFP to the target cell membrane, a temperature-independent event that is necessary but not sufficient to lyse cells. This is followed by a temperature-dependent step that triggers lysis, probably the insertion and the polymerization of protein subunits in the lipid bilayer. We provide evidence that suggests that polymerization of single subunits must occur for pore formation. We show, in addition, that L. amazonensis expresses molecules antigenically homologous to other PFPs.