Breaking and broadening of internal solitary waves

Solitary waves propagating horizontally in a stratified fluid are investigated. The fluid has a shallow layer with linear stratification and a deep layer with constant density. The investigation is both experimental and theoretical. Detailed measurements of the velocities induced by the waves are facilitated by particle tracking velocimetry (PTV) and particle image velocimetry (PIV). Particular attention is paid to the role of wave breaking which is observed in the experiments. Incipient breaking is found to take place for moderately large waves in the form of the generation of vortices in the leading part of the waves. The maximal induced fluid velocity close to the free surface is then about 80% of the wave speed, and the wave amplitude is about half of the depth of the stratified layer. Wave amplitude is defined as the maximal excursion of the stratified layer, The breaking increases in power with increasing wave amplitude. The magnitude of the induced fluid velocity in the large waves is found to be approximately bounded by the wave speed. The breaking introduces a broadening of the waves. In the experiments a maximal amplitude and speed of the waves are obtained, A theoretical fully nonlinear two-layer model is developed in parallel with the experiments. In this model the fluid motion is assumed to be steady in a frame of reference moving with the wave. The Brunt-Vaisala frequency is constant in the layer with linear stratification and zero in the other. A mathematical solution is obtained by means of integral equations. Experiments and theory show good agreement up to breaking. An approximately linear relationship between the wave speed and amplitude is found both in the theory and the experiments and also when wave breaking is observed in the latter. The upper bound of the fluid velocity and the broadening of the waves, observed in the experiments, are not predicted by the theory, however. There was always found to be excursion of the solitary waves into the layer with constant density, irrespective of the ratio between the depths of the layers.