Bacterial dissimilatory reduction of arsenate and sulfate in meromictic Mono Lake, California

The stratified (meromictic) water column of alkaline and hypersaline Mono Lake, California, contains high concentrations of dissolved inorganic arsenic (similar to 200 mu mol/L). Arsenic speciation changes from arsenate [As (V)] to arsenite [As (III)] with the transition from oxic surface waters (mixolimnion) to anoxic bottom waters (monimolimnion). A radioassay was devised to measure the reduction of As-73 (V) to As-73 (III) and tested using cell suspensions of the As (V)-respiring Bacillus selenitireducens, which completely reduced the As-73 (V). I, field experiments, no significant activity was noted in the aerobic mixolimnion waters, but reduction of As-73 (V) to As-73 (III) was observed in all the monimolimnion samples. Rate constants ranged from 0.02 to 0.3/day, with the highest values in the samples from the deepest depths (24 and 28 m). The highest activities occurred between 18 and 21 m, where As (V) was abundant (rate, similar to 5.9 mu mol/L per day). In contrast, sulfate reduction occurred at depths below 21 m, with the highest rates attained at 28 m (rate, similar to 2.3 mu mol/L per day). These results indicate that As (V) ranks second in importance, after sulfate, as an electron acceptor for anaerobic bacterial respiration in the water column. Annual arsenate respiration may mineralize as much as 14.2% of the pelagic photosynthetic carbon fixed during meromixis. When combined with sulfate-reduction data, anaerobic respiration in the water column can mineralize 32-55% of this primary production. As lakes of this type approach salt saturation, As (V) can become the most important electron acceptor for the biogeochemical cycling of carbon. Copyright (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd.