Mesoscale Surface Pressure and Temperature Features Associated with Bow Echoes

This study examines observed mesoscale surface pressure, temperature, and wind features of bow echoes. Bow-echo events in the area of the Oklahoma Mesonet are selected for study to take advantage of high-resolution surface data. Thirty-six cases are identified using 2-km-resolution radar reflectivity data over a 4-yr period (2002-05); their surface features are interrogated using the mesonet data. Distinct surface features usually associated with squall lines, the mesohigh and cold pool, are found to also accompany bow echoes. A common surface pattern preceding bowing is identified. Prior to new bowing development, the mesohigh surges ahead of the convective line while the cold pool remains centered behind it. Surface winds shift to a ground-relative outflow pattern upon arrival of the mesohigh surge. Approximately 30 min later, a new bowing segment forms with its apex slightly to the left (with respect to the direction of system motion) of the mesohigh surge. The cold pool follows the convective line as it bows. This process is termed the "pressure surge-new bowing'' cycle, and a conceptual model is presented. In one representative case, the surface signature of a gravity wave, identified through spatial and temporal filtering, is tracked. It is presumed to be generated by deep heating within the convective line. The wave moved at nearly 35 m s(-1) and has heretofore been undetected in mesoanalysis studies. Two other distinct features, a sharp pressure rise and temperature drop, were also observed at all mesonet stations affected by the system. Possible explanations for these features in terms of a gravity current, gravity wave, or atmospheric bore are explored.