Prevention and treatment recommendations for respiratory syncytial virus infection - Background and clinical experience 40 years after discovery

Though 40 years have passed since its discovery, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), one of the most ubiquitous viruses known, continues to evade most of our efforts to prevent or treat the clinical disease it causes. Long recognised as the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infections in virtually all children in the first 2 years of life, it has been increasingly recognised as a cause of more serious disease in several 'high risk' populations. These populations include infants with cardiac or pulmonary disease and infants and adults with immunodeficiencies, particularly those undergoing bone marrow transplantation. Early attempts to immunise children with a simple formalin-inactivated vaccine led tu severe disease in vaccinated children who subsequently were infected with RSV from the community. Other vaccine constructs have failed for a variety of reasons, although surface glycoprotein subunit vaccines may hold promise. For years, ribavirin, a synthetic nucleoside analogue administered by constant aerosol, has been felt by many to lead to more rapid improvement in clinical disease caused by RSV, but it is still unclear whether its benefits are truly significant. An intravenous immunoglobulin product prepared from donors screened for the presence of high titres of RSV neutralising antibody (known as RSVIG) appears to be well tolerated and relatively effective in protecting high-risk infants against serious RSV disease, although therapeutic use has proven less dramatic. At least one monoclonal antibody undergoing current testing may prove easier to use in similar immunoprophylactic use. Results on the use of corticosteroids as supportive therapy have not been conclusive. In short, RSV will continue to be a challenge for clinicians and researchers well into the next century.