Carbazole photorefractive materials

Considerable progress has been made in organic photorefractive materials, since the first observation of photorefractive phenomena from organic materials. Within recent years, a large number of organic photorefractive materials, especially amorphous materials, have been developed based on polymeric composites, fully functional polymers and the multifunctional chromophore approach. Among these organic photorefractive materials, some of them containing carbazole components as a charge transporting function have been demonstrated to exhibit high performance photorefractive effects. The carbazole building blocks with charge transporting functionality or multifunctions play a very important role in photorefraction and have been widely used in the molecular design approach to new organic photorefractive materials. Based on carbazole functional building blocks, amorphous multifunctional chromophores, amorphous monolithic chromophores and amorphous dendrimers have also been developed as new types of organic photorefractive materials. This paper reviews the recent progress of organic photorefractive materials,especially organic photorefractive materials containing carbazole functional components.