Trace metal contamination initiates the apparent auto-aggregation, amyloidosis, and oligomerization of Alzheimer's Aβ peptides

Nucleation-dependent protein aggregation ("seeding'') and amyloid fibril-free formation of soluble SDS-resistant oligomers ("oligomerization'') by hydrophobic interaction is an in vitro model thought to propagate beta-amyloid (Abeta) deposition, accumulation, and incur neurotoxicity and synaptotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other amyloid-associated neurodegenerative diseases. However, Abeta is a high-affinity metalloprotein that aggregates in the presence of biometals ( zinc, copper, and iron), and neocortical Abeta deposition is abolished by genetic ablation of synaptic zinc in transgenic mice. We now present in vitro evidence that trace ( less than or equal to 0.8 muM) levels of zinc, copper, and iron, present as common contaminants of laboratory buffers and culture media, are the actual initiators of the classic Abeta1 - 42-mediated seeding process and Abeta oligomerization. Replicating the experimental conditions of earlier workers, we found that the in vitro precipitation and amyloidosis of Abeta1 - 40 (20 muM) initiated by Abeta1 - 42 ( 2 muM) were abolished by chelation of trace metal contaminants. Further, metal chelation attenuated formation of soluble Abeta oligomers from a cell-free culture medium. These data suggest that protein self-assembly and oligomerization are not spontaneous in this system as previously thought, and that there may be an obligatory role for metal ions in initiating Abeta amyloidosis and oligomerization.