The application of reflected GPS signals to ocean remote sensing

The L-band broadcast signal from the Global Positioning System (GPS) reflected off of the sea surface is under study for use as a ocean, coastal, and wetlands remote sensing tool. The reflected signal from a given GPS satellite is cross-correlated with the pseudorandom noise code uniquely identifying that satellite. The shape of this cross-correlation, ordinarily, a very sharp triangle when tracking a direct line of sight signal, becomes wider and smoother as the mean square slope of the reflecting surface increases. It is proposed that the surface wind speed can be determined by matching the recorded shape of this cross-correlation to that predicted by theoretical models as a function od wind speed and direction. The significance of these effects increases with altitude of the receiver. Experimental data have been collected using a specially modified GPS receiver on aircraft and on a balloon at altitudes of up to 25 km. these data compare favorably with predictions of analytical models and demonstrate the dependence of the waveform shape on surface wind speed and receiver altitude. The advantages that this measurement technique has over conventional scatterometers is the small size, low cost and simplicity of the receiver hardware, no requirement for a transmitter, and the ability to simultaneously collect data from usually 10 or more points (from a low earth-orbiting satellite). This number could be larger if the Russian Global Navigation Satellite System satellites are also considered as additional sources of radiation. Furthermore, the bistatic scattering geometry is complementary to the backscatter used by conventional scatterometers. Published by Elsevier Science Inc.