Stomatal guard cell responses to kinetin and natriuretic peptides are cGMP-dependent

Immunological evidence suggests that plants contain natriuretic peptides (NPs) and furthermore (3[I-125]iodotyrosol(28)) rat atrial NP (rANP) binds specifically to plant membranes, rANP and immunoaffinity-purified plant NP analogues also promote concentration-dependent stomatal opening. Herl we report that kinetin, a synthetic cytokinin, and rANP induce stomatal opening in Tranescantia albiflora and that the effect of rANP is critically dependent on the secondary structure of the peptide hormone. The native circular molecule is active, whereas the linearized molecule shows no biological activity. Furthermore, kinetin-and rANP-induced stomatal opening is reversibly inhibited by two inhibitors of guanylate cyclase, LY 83583 and methylene blue. Stomatal opening is also induced in a concentration-dependent manner by the cell-permeant cyclic guanosine-3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP) analogue 8-Br-cGMP, and this effect is prevented by the stomatal closure promoting plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA). We conclude that in guard cells kinetin and rANP pathways operate via guanylate cyclase upregulation, and we propose that ABA-induced closure is not cGMP-dependent.