Leaf-atmosphere NH3 exchange in barley mutants with reduced activities of glutamine synthetase

Mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv Maris Mink) with 47 or 66% of the glutamine synthetase (GS) activity of the wild type were used for studies of NH3 exchange with the atmosphere. Under normal light and temperature conditions, tissue NH4+ concentrations were higher in the two mutants compared with wild-type plants, and this was accompanied by higher NH3 emission from the leaves. The emission of NH3 increased with increasing leaf temperatures in both wild-type and mutant plants, but the increase was much more pronounced in the mutants. Similar results were found when the light intensity (photosynthetic photon flux density) was increased. Compensation points for NH3 were estimated by exposing intact shoots to 10 nmol NH3 mol(-1) air under conditions with increasing temperatures until the plants started to emit NH3. Referenced to 25 degrees C, the compensation points were 5.0 nmol mol(-1) for wild-type plants, 8.3 nmol mol(-1) for 47% GS mutants, and 11.8 nmol mol(-7) for 66% GS mutants. Compensation points for NH3 in single, nonsenescent leaves were estimated on the basis of apoplastie pH and NH4+ concentrations. These values were 0.75, 3.46, and 7.72 nmol mol(-1) for wild type, 47% GS mutants, and 66% GS mutants, respectively. The 66% GS mutant always showed higher tissue NH4+ concentrations, NH3 emission rates, and NH3 compensation points compared with the 47% GS mutant, indicating that NH4+ release was curtailed by some kind of compensatory mechanism in plants with only 47% GS activity.