Sp1 sites mediate activation of the plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 promoter by glucose in vascular smooth muscle cells

This study was designed to characterize the direct effects of hyperglycemia on plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) expression in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells, Glucose induced dose- and time-dependent increases of PAI-1 mRNA expression in rat aortic smooth muscle (RASM) cells in vitro, Using a series of luciferase reporter gene constructs containing PAI-1 5'-flanking sequence (from -6.4 kilobase to -42 base pairs (bp)) transfected into RASM, we found that glucose (25 mM) consistently induced a 4-fold increase in luciferase activity, with the response localized to sequence between -85 and -42 bp. Mutagenesis of two putative Sp1-binding sites located in the region of interest essentially obliterated the glucose-response. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with radiolabeled oligonucleotides containing the two putative Sp1-binding sites from PAI-1 promoter and nuclear extracts from RASM cells revealed that glucose treatment markedly changed the mobility pattern of the major protein-DNA complexes. Supershift assay showed that transcription factor Sp1 was present in the complexes under control and hyperglycemic conditions. These results suggest that glucose regulates PAI-1 gene expression in RASM cells through an effect on two adjacent Sp1 sites located between -85 and -42 bp of the PAI-1 5'-flanking region and that the release of a transcriptional repressor from the Sp1 complexes may explain the activation of the PAI-1 gene under high glucose conditions in RASM cells.