High mutant frequency in populations of a DNA virus allows evasion from antibody therapy in an immunodeficient host

The degree of genetic heterogeneity of DNA virus populations in nature and its consequences for disease control are virtually unknown. The parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVMi) was used here to investigate (i) the frequency of antibody-escape mutants in populations of a DNA virus and (ii) the ability of a DNA virus to evade in the long-term a passive monoclonal antibody (MAb) therapy in an immunodeficient natural host. Independent clonal populations of MVMi harbored a high proportion of mutants resistant to neutralizing MAb (mutant frequency = [2.8 +/- 0.5] X 10(-5)) that rapidly evolved under antibody pressure in culture to become mixtures dominated by genotypically diverse escape mutants. Immunodeficient mice naturally infected with clonal populations of MVMi and subsequently treated by intravenous injections of MAb were initially protected from the characteristic viral induced lethal leukopenia. However, some treated animals developed a delayed severe leukopenic syndrome associated with the emergence of genetically heterogeneous populations of MAb-resistant mutants in the MVMi main target organs. The 11 plaque-purified viruses analyzed from an antibody-resistant population obtained from one animal corresponded to four different mutant genotypes, although their consensus sequence remained wild type. All cloned escape mutants harbored single radical amino acid changes within a stretch of seven residues in a surface-exposed loop at the threefold axes of the capsid. This antigenic site, which can tolerate radical changes preserving MVMi pathogenic potential, may thereby allow the virus to evade the immune control. These findings indicate a high genetic heterogeneity and rapid adaptation of populations of a mammal DNA virus in vivo and provide a genetic basis for the failure of passive immunotherapy in the natural host.