A phospholipase A2-related snake venom (from Crotalus durissus terrificus) stimulates neuroendocrine and immune functions:: Determination of different sites of action

Immune neuroendocrine interactions are vital for the individual's survival in certain physiopathological conditions, such as sepsis and tissular injury. It is known that several animal venoms, such as those from different snakes, are potent neurotoxic compounds and that their main component is a specific phospholipase A type 2 (PLA(2)). It has been described recently that the venom from Crotalus durissus terrificus [snake venom (SV), in the present study] possesses some cytotoxic effect in different in vitro and in vivo animal models. In the present study, we investigated whether SV and its main component, PLA(2) (obtained from the same source), are able to stimulate both immune and neuroendocrine functions in mice, thus characterizing this type of neurotoxic shock. For this purpose, several in vivo and in vitro designs were used to further determine the sites of action of SV-PLA(2) on the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function and on the release of the pathognomonic cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), of different types of inflammatory stress. Our results indicate that SV (25 mu g/animal) and PLA(2) (5 mu g/animal), from the same origin, stimulate the HPA and immune axes when administered (ip) to adult mice; both preparations were able to enhance plasma glucose, ACTH, corticosterone (B), and TNF alpha plasma levels in a time-related fashion. SV was found to activate CRH- and arginine vasopressin-ergic functions in vivo and, in vitro, SV and PLA(2) induced a concentration-related (0.05-10 mu g/ml) effect on the release of both neuropeptides. SV also was effective in changing anterior pituitary ACTH and adrenal B contents, also in a time-dependent fashion. Direct effects of SV and PLA(2) on anterior pituitary ACTH secretion also were found to function in a concentration-related fashion (0.001-1 mu g/ml), and the direct corticotropin-releasing activity of PLA(2) was additive to those of CRH and arginine vasopressin; the corticotropin-releasing activity of both SV and PLA(2) were partially reversed by the specific PLA(2) inhibitor, manoalide. On the other hand, neither preparation was able to directly modify spontaneous and ACTH-stimulated adrenal B output. The stimulatory effect of SV and PLA(2) on in vivo TNF alpha release was confirmed by in vitro experiments on peripheral mononuclear cells; in fact, both PLA2 (0.001-1 mu g/ml) and SV (0.1-10 mu g/ml), as well as concavalin A (1-100 mu g/ml), were able to stimulate TNF alpha output in the incubation medium. Our results clearly indicate that PLA(2)-dependent mechanisms are responsible for several symptoms of inflammatory stress induced during neurotoxemia. In fact, we found that this particular PLA(2)-related SV is able to stimulate both HPA axis and immune functions during the acute phase response of the inflammatory processes.