Geographic variation in allozymes of populations of Salamandra salamandra (Amphibia: Urodela) exhibiting distinct reproductive modes

The populations of the urodele Salamandra salamandra in the Northern Iberian Peninsula exhibit very different coloration patterns and a remarkable range in reproductive modes (from giving birth to a large number of aquatic larvae to a parturition event of just a few fully metamorphosed, i.e. terrestrial, offspring). Electrophoretic study of geographic variation in allozymes shows that this extraordinary diversity, particularly in reproductive modes, is not accompanied by a genetic differentiation of similar magnitude. All the populations sampled along a transect crossing the Northern part of the Iberian Peninsula and encompassing the various reproductive strategies, as previously described, can be ascribed to a single species, because of small interpopulational genetic distances (ranging D-Nei from 0.05 to 0.199) and absence of fixed (diagnostic) alleles. A variety of phenetic and cladistic methods were used to elucidate the relationship among populations, based on allozyme data. These methods defined two well corroborated clusters: the first contains populations of salamanders with a blotched dorsal coloration pattern and characterized by parturition of aquatic larvae; the second group is composed of populations exhibiting a striped dorsal coloration pattern, smaller adult body size, and giving birth to fully metamorphosed terrestrial offspring. The latter group also encompasses some populations where mixed parturition events, which include both larvae and metamorphosed offspring, which have been recorded (Dopazo and Alberch, 1994). The absence of a correlation between genetic and geographic distance suggests that the mode of differentiation of the species is based on at least two successive events of isolation, radiation, and secondary contact between populations. Furthermore, the validity of the described ''subspecies'' is questioned by our data, which point out the need for a detailed systematic study of Salamandra from a global perspective. ''Viviparity'', here meaning giving birth to fully metamorphosed offspring, originated once and occurs as intraspecific, and even as intrapopulational variation. Thus, we confirm a system where a major evolutionary innovation -the acquisition of independence from the aquatic media in the primitive amphibian complex life cycle-, can be studied at the microevolutionary, i.e., intra- and inter-populational level.