Polarimetric brightness temperatures of sea surfaces measured with aircraft K- and Ka-band radiometers

Dual-frequency (19 and 37 GHz), multi-incidence measurements of the Stokes parameters of sea surface microwave emission are reported in this paper, A series of aircraft polarimetric radiometer flights were carried out over the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) moored buoys deployed off the northern California coast in July and August 1994, Measured radiometric temperatures showed a few Kelvin azimuth modulations in all Stokes parameters with respect to the wind direction, Wind directional signals observed in the 37-GHz channel were similar to those in the 19-GHz channel, This indicates that the wind direction signals in sea surface brightness temperatures have a weak frequency dependence in the range of 19-37 GHz. Harmonic coefficients of the wind direction signals were derived from experimental data versus incidence angle, It was found that the first harmonic coefficients, which are caused by the up and downwind asymmetric surface features, had a small increasing trend with the incidence angle, In contrast, the second harmonic coefficients, caused by the up and crosswind asymmetry, showed significant variations in T-v and U data, with a sign change when the incidence angle increased from 45 degrees to 65 degrees. Besides the first three Stokes parameters, the fourth Stokes parameter, V, which had never been measured before for sea surfaces, was measured using our 19-GHz channel, The Stokes parameter V an odd symmetry just like that of the third Stokes parameter U, and increases with increasing incidence angles, In summary, sea surface features created by surface winds are anisotropic in azimuth direction and modulate all Stokes parameters of sea surface microwave brightness temperatures by as large as a few Kelvin in the range of incidence angles from 45 degrees to 65 degrees applicable to spaceborne observations.