Differential effectiveness of solar UVB subcomponents in causing cell death, oncogenic transformation and micronucleus induction in human hybrid cells

Purpose: (1) To determine the biological effectiveness of two solar ultraviolet (UVB) spectra with different lower wavelength thresholds for oncogenic transformation and micronucleus induction in CGL1 cells; ( 2) to investigate whether the action spectra for short- and long-term effects are similar; and (3) to investigate possible links between transformation and other delayed effects. Material and methods: Two spectra were derived from a solar UV simulator by using two filters: the first transmitted radiation with lambda> 284 nm, the second with lambda> 293 nm. The resulting spectra have the same UVA, but different UVB components (lambda between 284 and 320 nm, 19W m(-2), and lambda between 293 and 320 nm, 13 W m(-2)). CGL1 cells were irradiated with 466 J m(-2) with lambda > 284 nm and 1582 J m(-2) with lambda> 293 nm. These doses were approximately equilethal. The endpoints examined were oncoprogeny genic transformation, and centromere-positive and - negative micronucleus frequencies in the directly irradiated cells and in progeny. Results: At equilethal doses, the oncogenic transformation frequency in the directly irradiated cells was greater by a factor of at least 7 for lambda> 284 nm irradiation compared with lambda> 293 nm. The micronucleus induction frequency was also significantly higher with the lambda> 284 spectrum. Consistent with our previous findings, no delayed micronucleus formation was found in the progeny of cells exposed to lambda> 293 nm, while a threefold elevation above controls was seen in the progeny of cells exposed to lambda> 284 nm irradiation. This was also the case for formation of micronuclei with a centromere. Conclusions: It was found that: ( 1) for equilethal doses the lambda> 284 nm spectrum was more biologically effective than the lambda> 293 nm spectrum for induction of oncogenic transformation and micronucleus formation; and (2) the higher effectiveness of the lambda> 284nm spectrum found at equilethal doses for delayed effects in the progeny of irradiated cells resembles that found for transformation. The results suggest that the UVB action spectrum for cell killing is different from that of some delayed effects, and that of transformation.