Genetic diversity of isolates of the Leptosphaeria maculans species complex from Australia, Europe and North America using amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis

Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) analysis has been used to analyse 100 Australian, European and North American isolates of Leptosphaeria maculans;. All isolates had distinct AFLP profiles. They could be classified into five types, which had very few AFLP bands in common and corresponded to classifications made previously on the basis of ability to cause stem cankers on Brassica napus (A group), or inability to do so (B group), and on host range. Four isolates had AFLP profiles completely dissimilar to these groups and to each other. Genetic diversity and geographic differentiation were analysed separately within AFLP types 1 and 2. UPGMA analysis of the 66 AFLP type 1 (A group) isolates using 50 polymorphic bands did not provide evidence for clustering according to geographic origin. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis suggested that the Australian and European populations were separate adjacent clusters, while the North American population partially overlapped both the others. This geographic differentiation was supported by Wright's fixation index (F-st) analysis. Three measures of genetic variability between isolates within regions (effective number of alleles, gene diversity, and Shannon index) showed that the North American A group isolates were less diverse than those from Australia and Europe. The 21 AFLP type 2 (B group; NAI sub-group) isolates did not duster based on geographic region which was confirmed by NMDS and F-st analysis. There was a similar degree of genetic diversity within A group and the NAI sub-group of B group isolates. Unlike other techniques, AFLP analysis can readily discriminate between group B isolates of the L. maculans complex that were previously difficult to classify and also provides individual fingerprints for isolates. Isolates of the A group and of the NAI sub-group of B group could be also distinguished readily by electrophoretic karyotyping, as the latter isolates had more bands smaller than 1.4 Mb than the A group isolates.