Dynamic battery model for photovoltaic applications

The main purpose of this paper is to offer a useful battery model for simulation of stand-alone photovoltaic applications. At present, many models for battery behaviour simulation are available. Owing to the complex response of this element, these models are mainly concerned with stationary working point conditions. This paper presents an enhancement of a generic battery model, achieving a dynamic battery model for photovoltaic applications. It includes the use of automatic parameter extraction techniques and the solving of numerical calculation problems. It also introduces some new concepts, such as the maximum available capacity and the level of energy. Finally, a battery state of health estimation, has been added to complete the battery behaviour description, including non-ideal effects, such as battery capacity reduction and self-discharging current. Copyright (C) 2003 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.