Data congruence and phylogeny of the Papaveraceae sl based on four data sets: atpB and rbcL sequences, trnK restriction sites, and morphological characters

Phylogenetic analyses of various combinations of atpB and rbcL sequence data, trnK restriction sites, and morphological characters of taxa representing the Papaveraceae s.l. (Pteridophyllaceae, Fumariaceae subfamilies Fumarioideae and Hypecoideae, Papaveraceae s. sh, subfamilies Eschscholzioideae, Chelidonioideae, Papaveroideae, Platystemonoideae) are presented. Several measures of data set incongruency indicate considerable congruence between data sets. In order to correctly identify the root of the family, combined atpB and rbcL sequence data for the Papaveraceae s.l. and appropriate outgroups (Asarum, Illicium, Pintanus, Euptelea, and representatives of the Ranunculaceae and Berberidaceae) were analyzed. Regardless of the outgroup used, all topologies obtained suggest that Pteridophyllum (Pteridophyllaceae) is sister group to Fumariaceae and Papaveraceae s. str. Data sets of the ingroup with Pteridophyllum used as the outgroup were analyzed separately and together, with results from the combined data sets showing increased bootstrap support. Contrary to recent claims, Papaveraceae s. Str. remain monophyletic after the exclusion of Pteridophyllum and Fumariaceae. In the Papaveraceae s. str., Eschscholzioideae are sister group to Papaveroideae (including Platystemonoideae) and Chelidonioideae (including Glaucium/Dicranostigma). The evolution of floral morphology: geographical distribution, and ecology of Papaveraceae s.l. are briefly discussed.