Current combustion-related sources contribute to polychlorinated naphthalene and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl levels and profiles in air in Toronto, Canada

Polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and mono- and non-ortho substituted PCBs were analyzed in air from two sites in Toronto, Ontario, Canada to determine whether current combustion-related sources contribute to the levels and profiles of PCNs found in urban air. High-volume air samples were collected periodically at the University of Toronto (UT, a downtown site) and in north Toronto at the Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC). SigmaPCN concentrations ranged from 31 to 78 pg m(-3) at UT and from 7 to 84 pg m(-3) at MSC with concentrations lower at MSC than UT for paired samples. Ambient air congener profiles contrasted between the two sites with MSC profiles indicating inputs from combustion-related sources when compared to combustion fly ash and technical PCN and PCB mixture profiles. Combustion markers, including CN-44, -29, and -54, the more toxic CN-66 and -67 congeners, and non-ortho PCBs, were enriched in air at MSC on a mass percent basis in several samples. As a result, CN-66/67 contributed proportionally more to dioxin toxic equivalents at MSC than at UT. Downtown air PCN profiles resembled those of technical PCN and PCB mixtures, reflecting evaporative emissions from past uses, while PCN levels and profiles at MSC; a more industrialized location, are also influenced by current combustion sources, contributing as much as an estimated 54% of SigmaPCN in samples collected.