Gadolinium(III) 1,2-hydroxypyridonate-based complexes: Toward MRI contrast agents of high relaxivity

Prospective gadolinium(III) MRI contrast agent precursors [GdTREN-1,2-HOPO] (1) {TREN-1,2-HOPO = tris[(1-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-6-carboxamido)ethyl]amine} and [Gd-TREN-bis(Me-3,2-HOPO)-1,2-HOPO] (2) have been synthesized and characterized by relaxometric measurements. The water proton relaxivity values of 1 and 2 (20 MHz and 25 degreesC) are 9.5 and 9.3 mM(-1)s(-1), respectively, suggesting the presence of two coordinated water molecules. The molecular structure of [1.DMF](2) was obtained and reveals a similar eight-coordinate geometry to [Gd-TREN-Me-3,2-HOPO.2H(2)O] ([3.2H(2)O]). A shape analysis of the coordination polyhedron of 1 reveals that this geometry is best described as a bicapped trigonal prism, poised to accommodate an additional donor atom to give a tricapped trigonal prismatic intermediate. This geometry supports the model that formation of a tris-aquo intermediate for 1 enables fast and associative water exchange.