Use of gold nanoparticles as molecular intermediates for the detection of fingermarks

Among the numerous methods dedicated to the detection of latent fingermarks, the MultiMetal Deposition (MMD) offers, as a main advantage, the ability to be applied on a great number of porous and non-porous surfaces, e.g., paper, plastic, glass, latex, and polystyrene, even if wetted. While considered as a powerful and sensitive technique, MMD is often neglected, mainly because of operational limitations (siliconized vessels, restrictive pH domain, numerous immersion baths,...). In this contribution, we propose a modification of the standard MMD method so that the procedure is simplified with a number of baths reduced to a minimum. To reach this goal, it was necessary to obtain a fully operable solution which could detect fingermarks in a single step. We chose to take advantage of the molecular recognition mechanisms by functionalizing the gold nanoparticles with a molecular host able to bind itself to gold while keeping the ability to trap molecules in solution. Cyclodextrins were chosen as they can be easily chemically modified to offer gold-binding abilities. Moreover, they are widely used as hosts for various molecular guests (dyes, luminescent molecules,...). This new formulation has been tested on three different surfaces to attest the feasibility of this strategy. Successful results were obtained with detailed fingermarks offering a good contrast to allow their identification without the need to enhance the results (such as with a physical developer). If the new formulation behaves very similarly to the old one, in terms of experimental conditions, it offers the additional advantage to develop fingermarks after immersing them in only one bath. The goal is thus reached. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.