Haemorrhagic complications of pancreaticoduodenectomy

Background: Haemorrhagic complication occurs in 5-16% of patients following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). We report an analysis of patients with post-PD bleed, to identify predictors of bleed, predictors of survival following bleed and the management of post-PD bleed. Methods: Two hundred and eighteen patients with periampullary cancers underwent PD from 1989 to 2002. Forty-four (20.2%) patients had a bleeding complication. Of these, 25 patients had an intra-abdominal (IA) bleed and 21 had gastrointestinal (GI) bleed (two had both IA and GI bleed). Clinical, biochemical and tumour characteristics were analysed to identify factors influencing bleeding complications. Results: The median time to presentation was 4.5 days (0-21 days). Serum bilirubin (P = 0.000, OR: 1.090) and pancreaticojejunostomy (PJ) leak (P = 0.009, OR: 3.174) were significant independent factors predicting bleeding complications. Forty-three per cent of patients each had early bleed (<48 h after PD) or delayed bleed (7 days after PD). Comparison of early and late bleeds showed that IA bleed (P = 0.02) presented as early bleeds. Male sex (P = 0.00) longer duration of jaundice (P = 0.02), PJ leak (P = 0.001), HJ leak (P = 0.001), duct to mucosa type of PJ anastomosis (P = 0.03) and IA abscess (P = 0.00) were associated with a significantly higher incidence of late bleeds. Overall mortality after PD was 9.6% with 34% and 3% in bleeders and non-bleeders, respectively. Septicaemia (P = 0.01, OR: 5.49), and acute renal failure (P = 0.01) were associated with increased mortality. Conclusions: Bleeding complications following PD were seen in one-fifth of patients and were associated with high mortality. Serum bilirubin levels and PJ leak were significant factors associated with bleeding complications. Septicaemia and acute renal failure were significant factors associated with mortality in the bleeders.