Flow resistance of emergent vegetation

Conventional resistance equations (such as those of Manning, Chezy and Darcy-Weisbach) are inappropriate for flow through emergent vegetation, where resistance is exerted primarily by stem drag throughout the flow depth rather than by shear stress at the bed. An alternative equation form is suggested, in which the resistance coefficient is related to measurable vegetation characteristics and can incorporate bed roughness when this is significant. Equation performance is confirmed by comparison of predicted and measured stage-discharge relationships for flow through artificial cylindrical stems, and by comparison of calibrated and measured drag coefficient values for natural vegetation.