Mechanism of α-cyclodextrin induced hemolysis.: 2.: A study of the factors controlling the association with serine-, ethanolamine-, and choline-phospholipids

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and molecular modeling study of the interaction between alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD) and phospholipids with serine, ethanolamine, or choline headgroups is presented. The experimental approach is based on P-31 and H-1 NMR measurements on small unilamellar vesicles (SUV), multilamellar systems (MLV), and aqueous suspensions of lipids using a direct complex preparation with alpha-CD. Molecular dynamics computer simulations are used to investigate the trajectory of alpha-CD in the vicinity of a membrane surface and the influence of the charge and dipole moment of the phospholipid headgroups. These factors of charge and orientation of dipole moment seem to play a key role in the interaction of phospholipids with alpha-CD and reflect very well the experimentally observed selectivity of the phospholipid -alpha-CD approach. However, with this approach, there is no evidence for the formation of a complex with the phospholipid headgroup (except for phosphatidylinositol) that results from electrostatic forces. Rather, after a possible extraction of the lipid from the membrane, a classical inclusion of the sn-2 chain in the cavity of alpha-CD occurs. This step depends on the alkyl chain length and saturation state of the lipids as well as on their organization (i.e., as vesicles or dispersions). Based on our results, chemical modifications of the alpha-CD molecule to control the hemolytic properties of alpha-CD are discussed.