The acoustics of the snapping shrimp Synalpheus parneomeris in Kaneohe Bay

Snapping shrimp are among the major sources of biological noise in shallow bays, harbors, and inlets, in temperate and tropical waters. Snapping shrimp sounds can severely Limit the use of underwater acoustics by humans and may also interfere with the transmission and reception of sounds by other animals such as dolphins, whales, and pinnipeds. The shrimp produce sounds by rapidly closing one of their frontal chela (claws), snapping the ends together to generate a loud click. The acoustics of the species Synalpheus paraneomeris was studied by measuring the sound produced by individual shrimp housed in a small cage located 1 m from an H-52 broadband hydrophone. Ten clicks from 40 specimens were digitized at a 1-MHz sample rate and the data stored on computer disk. A low-frequency precursor signature was observed; this previously unreported signature may be associated with a "plunger" structure which directs a jet of water forward of the claw during a snap. The peak-to-peak sound pressure level and energy flux density at 1 m (source level and source energy flux density) varied linearly with claw size and body length. Peak-to-peak source levels varied from 183 to 189 dB re: 1 mu Pa. The acoustic power produced by a typical snap was calculated to be about 3 W. A typical spectrum of a click had a low-frequency peak between 2 and 5 kHz and energy extending out to 200 kHz. The spectrum of a click is very broad with only a 20-dB difference between the peak and minimum amplitudes across 200 kHz. A physical model of the snapping mechanism is used to estimate the velocity, acceleration, and force produced by a shrimp closing its claws.