Virtual crack extension method for calculating the second order derivatives of energy release rates for multiply cracked systems

In this paper, we further generalize the work of Lin and Abel [Lin SC, Abel JF. Variational approach for a new direct-integration form of the virtual crack extension method. Int J Fract 1988;38:217-35.] to the case of higher order derivatives of energy release rates for two-dimensional, multiply cracked systems. The direct integral expressions are presented for the energy release rates and their first and second order derivatives. The salient feature of this numerical method is that the energy release rates and their first and second order derivatives can be computed in a single analysis. It is demonstrated through a set of examples that the proposed method gives expectedly decreasing, but acceptably accurate results for the energy release rates and their first and second order derivatives. The computed errors were approximately 0.5% for the energy release rates, 3-5% for their first order derivatives and 10-20% for their second order derivatives for the mesh densities used in the examples. Potential applications of the present method include a universal size effect model and a probabilistic fracture analysis of cracked structures. (C) 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.