Optic neuropathy induced by reductions in mitochondrial superoxide dismutase

PURPOSE. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are suspected to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), caused by mutated complex I subunit genes. It seems surprising that optic neuropathy has not been described in animals with a knockout of genes encoding critical anti-ROS defenses. If ROS have a role in the optic nerve injury of LHON, then increasing mitochondrial levels of ROS should induce optic neuropathy. METHODS. To develop an animal model system for study of oxidative injury to the optic nerve, mitochondrial defenses were decreased against ROS by designing hammerhead ribozymes to degrade SOD2 mRNA. Several potential ribozymes were analyzed in vitro. The one with the best kinetic characteristics was cloned into a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector for delivery and testing in cells and animals. The effects of the AAV-expressing ribozyme on murine cell growth, SOD2 mRNA and protein, cellular ROS levels, and apoptosis were evaluated by RNase protection assay, immunoblot analysis, and ROS- and apoptosis-activated fluorescent probes. The rAAV-ribozyme was then injected into the eyes of DBA/1J mice, and the effect on the optic nerve was evaluated by ocular histopathologic examination. RESULTS. The AAV-expressing ribozyme decreased SOD2 mRNA and protein levels by as much as 85%, increased cellular superoxide, reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, and culminated in the death of infected cell lines by apoptosis without significantly altering complex I and III activity, somewhat spared in the most common LHON mutation (G11778A), although adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis is markedly reduced. When inoculated into the eyes of mice, the AAV-expressing ribozyme led to loss of axons and myelin in the optic nerve and ganglion cells in the retina, the hallmarks of optic nerves examined at autopsy of patients with LHON. CONCLUSIONS. The striking similarity of the optic neuropathy to the histopathology of LHON is powerful evidence supporting ROS as a key factor in the pathogenesis of LHON.