Epstein-Barr virus-mediated B-cell proliferation is dependent upon latent membrane protein 1, which simulates an activated CD40 receptor

The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) is essential for the immortalization of human B cells and is linked etiologically to several human tumors. LMP1 is an integral membrane protein which acts like a constitutively active receptor, It binds tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-receptor-associated factors (TRAFs), activates NF-kappa B and triggers the transcription factor AP-1 via the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) cascade, but its specific contribution to B-cell immortalization has not been elucidated fully. To address the function of LMP1, we established B cell lines with a novel mini-EBV plasmid in which the LMP1 gene can be regulated at will without affecting the expression of other latent EBV genes. We demonstrate here that continuous expression of LMP1 is essential for the proliferation of EBV-immortalized B cells in vitro. Re-induction of LMP1 expression or activation of the cellular CD40 receptor both induce the JNK signaling cascade, activate the transcription factor NF-kappa B and stimulate proliferation of these B cells. Our findings strongly suggest that LMP1 mimics B-cell activation processes which are physiologically triggered by CD30-CD40 ligand signals. Since LMP1 acts in a ligand-independent manner, it replaces the T cell-derived activation signal to sustain indefinite B-cell proliferation.