Expression of multiple α1-antitrypsin-like genes in hibernating species of the squirrel family

In the chipmunk, a mammalian hibernator, a 140 kDa protein complex found in the blood, drastically decreases in concentration during hibernation. This complex contains four species of proteins, HP-20, -25, -27 and -55. In the present study, cDNA clones coding for the chipmunk HP-55 were isolated from a liver cDNA library. Sequence analysis revealed that HP-55 is produced as a precursor protein of 413 amino acids (aa), that it has a signal peptide of 24 aa, and that it contains four potential N-glycosylation sites. The deduced aa sequence shows 63% identity with that of rat alpha 1-antitrypsin (alpha 1-AT); however, the sequence corresponding to the reactive center P1-P1' residues was found to be Met-Leu, whereas it is Met-Ser in the rat alpha 1-AT. During screening of the chipmunk liver cDNA library, four other related classes of cDNA clones were obtained, each also coding for an alpha 1-AT-like protein. In spite of more than 86% overall aa sequence identity among the five chipmunk alpha 1-AT-like proteins, they are highly divergent in the putative reactive center region; the putative P1-P1' sequences are Met-Leu (HP-55 or CM55-ML), Met-Met (CM55-MM), Met-Ser (CM55-MS), Ser-Ile (CM55-SI) and Ser-Thr (CM55-ST). Each of the alpha 1-AT-like protein mRNAs was expressed in chipmunk liver, and the HP-55 mRNA level was greatly reduced during hibernation. Genomic Southern blot analysis and screening of a liver cDNA library from another hibernating squirrel species, the ground squirrel, also revealed expression of multiple members of the alpha 1-AT gene family, whereas analysis of a cDNA library from a non-hibernating species, the tree squirrel, found only a single alpha 1-AT gene. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.