Hydration mechanism of polysaccharides: A comparative study

Water sorption was studied at 20 degreesC on films composed of different natural polymers. Three polysaccharides were investigated: chitosan, cellulose, and alginate. The major differences between these polymers, from a structural point of view, lay in the substitution of an OH group by an NH2 function for chitosan and by an ionic COO-Na+ group for alginate. An analysis of the experimental water sorption isotherms, expressed as the number of water molecules sorbed per repeating unit in the amorphous phase, associated with an analysis of the enthalpy profile related to the water sorption allowed us to propose a water sorption mechanism in two steps for all the polymers: water sorption on polymer-specific sites in the first step and water clustering around the first sorbed water molecules in the second step. It was determined that two water molecules interacted with the polymer chains for cellulose and chitosan, whereas four water molecules were bonded to alginate chains. The specific sorption sites were identified as OH groups for cellulose, OH and NH2 groups for chitosan, and ionic and OH groups for alginate. A systematic reduction of the half-sorption time was observed in the activity range corresponding to this first sorption step, and it was explained by a water plasticization effect. On the other hand, an increase in the half-sorption time was observed in the second sorption step, at a high activity (>0.8), for chitosan and alginate. A modelization associating the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer model and the clustering theory, applied to our systems, allowed us to relate the occurrence of this last phenomenon to the formation of water clusters containing more than two water molecules. (C) 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.