Ethnic differences in the hypertensive heart and 24-hour blood pressure profile

Black hypertensive persons have been observed to have a greater degree of left ventricular hypertrophy than white hypertensives. However, previous studies have matched groups for blood pressure (BP) measured in the clinic, and it has been demonstrated that black hypertensives have an attenuated nocturnal BP dip. Clinic BPs may thus underestimate mean 24-hour BP in this group. To investigate whether the differences in left ventricular hypertrophy can be accounted for by the greater mean 24-hour BP in black hypertensives, 92 previously untreated hypertensives were studied with 24-hour ambulatory BP monitoring and echocardiography. The 46 black hypertensives (24 men and 22 women) were matched with the 46 white hypertensives for age, gender, and mean 24-hour BP. Despite similar mean 24-hour BPs (blacks, 142/93 mm Hg; whites, 145/92 mm HE; P=.53/.66), the black group had a smaller mean nocturnal dip than the white group (blacks, 8/8 mm Hg; whites, 16/13 mm Hg; P<.01). In addition, mean left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was greater (blacks, 130 g/m(2); whites, 107 g/m(2); P<.001). Mean 24-hour systolic BP was significantly related to LVMI in both groups (blacks, r=.45, P<.01; whites, r=.56, P<.01). However, systolic BP dip correlated inversely with LVMI only in the black group (blacks, r=-.30, P<.O4; whites, r=.05, P=.76). In a multiple regression model, LVMI was independently related to both mean daytime BP and mean nocturnal BP dip in black subjects but only to mean daytime BP in white subjects. In conclusion, the increased left ventricular hypertrophy observed in black hypertensives compared with white hypertensives is not accounted for by differences in mean 24-hour BP. However, LVMI in black hypertensives appears to be more dependent on nocturnal BP than that in white hypertensives; this, coupled with the attenuated BP dip in black hypertensives, suggests that the BP profile rather than 24-hour BP may be important in determining the differences in left ventricular hepertrophy.