Osthole ameliorates neurogenic and inflammatory hyperalgesia by modulation of iNOS, COX-2, and inflammatory cytokines in mice

Background Osthole is a bioactive component reported in medicinal plants such as Angelica pubescens and Cnidium monnieri, known for analgesic activity. However, the toxicity, median effective dose (ED50), and dual modulation of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase pathways along with inflammatory cytokines of osthole are yet to be determined. Methods The animals (mice) were assessed for general behaviour and mortality in varying doses (50, 300, and 2000 mg kg(-1)) of osthole for acute toxicity over 14 days. The analgesic activity was investigated using acetic acid and formalin-induced hyperalgesia, and anti-inflammatory activity was explored in carrageenan-induced paw oedema. ED50 of osthole was calculated using Design Expert software. Involvement of nitric oxide and cyclooxygenase pathways was investigated by agonist challenges with l-arginine and substance P, respectively. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) was determined in spinal sections by immunohistochemical analysis. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge was used to assess in vivo effect on inflammatory cytokines (TNF alpha and IL-6). Results Acute toxicity studies revealed no behavioural abnormality or mortality on osthole treatment and unremarkable histological findings. Osthole was found to significantly decrease acetic acid and formalin-induced hyperalgesia (ED50 = 5.43 mg kg(-1)) and carrageenan-induced paw oedema with no toxicity symptoms. Osthole produced a marked decrease in iNOS and COX-2 expression as well as TNF alpha and IL-6. The findings corroborate to modulation of iNOS and COX-2 and inflammatory cytokines by osthole. This study provides promising insights and prospects for application of osthole in pain management.