Using literature to help physician-learners understand and manage "difficult" patients

Despite significant clinical and research efforts aimed at recognizing and managing "difficult" patients, such patients remain a frustrating experience for many clinicians. This is especially true for primary care residents, who are required to see a significant volume of patients with diverse and complex problems, but who may not have adequate training and life experience to enable them to deal with problematic doctor-patient situations. Literature-short stories, poems, and patient narratives-is a little-explored educational tool to help residents in under-standing and working with difficult patients. In this report, the authors examine the mechanics of using literature to teach about difficult patients, including structuring the learning environment, establishing learning objectives, identifying teaching resources and appropriate pedagogic methods, and incorporating creative writing assignments. They also present an illustrative progression of a typical literature-based teaching session about a difficult patient.