The "Hawthorne effect" -: what did the original Hawthorne studies actually show?

被引:389
作者
Wickström, G
Bendix, T
机构
[1] Turku Reg Inst Occupat Hlth, FIN-20500 Turku, Finland
[2] Univ So Denmark, Inst Sport Sci & Clin Biomech, Odense, Denmark
关键词
context; evaluation; interpretation; intervention; paradigm; worklife;
D O I
10.5271/sjweh.555
中图分类号
R1 [预防医学、卫生学];
学科分类号
1004 ; 120402 ;
摘要
The "Hawthorne effect" is often mentioned as a possible explanation for positive results in intervention studies. It is used to cover many phenomena, not only unwitting confounding of variables under study by the study itself, but also behavioral change due to an awareness of being observed, active compliance with the supposed wishes of researchers because of special attention received, or positive response to the stimulus being introduced. At times, the term seems to be used as a social equivalent to "placebo effect". In social research, there is much critical literature indicating that, in general, the term "Hawthorne effect" should be avoided. Instead of referring to the ambiguous and disputable Hawthorne effect when evaluating intervention effectiveness, researchers should introduce specific psychological and social variables that may have affected the outcome under study but were not monitored during the project, along with the possible effect on the observed results.
引用
收藏
页码:363 / 367
页数:5
相关论文
共 25 条
[1]  
ADAIR J, 1989, J EXP EDUC, V54, P341
[2]   THE HAWTHORNE EFFECT - A RECONSIDERATION OF THE METHODOLOGICAL ARTIFACT [J].
ADAIR, JG .
JOURNAL OF APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY, 1984, 69 (02) :334-345
[3]  
[Anonymous], 1977, ELUSIVE PHENOMENA
[4]   HAWTHORNE STUDIES - RADICAL CRITICISM [J].
CAREY, A .
AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW, 1967, 32 (03) :403-416
[5]   THE HAWTHORNE EFFECT - A FRESH EXAMINATION [J].
DIAPER, G .
EDUCATIONAL STUDIES, 1990, 16 (03) :261-267
[6]   HAWTHORNE EXPERIMENTS - 1ST STATISTICAL INTERPRETATION [J].
FRANKE, RH ;
KAUL, JD .
AMERICAN SOCIOLOGICAL REVIEW, 1978, 43 (05) :623-643
[7]  
French J, 1953, RES METHODS BEHAV SC, P101
[8]  
Gillespie R, 1993, Manufacturing Knowledge: A History of the Hawthorne Experiments
[9]   HAWTHORNE A HALF CENTURY LATER - RELAY ASSEMBLY PARTICIPANTS REMEMBER [J].
GREENWOOD, RG ;
BOLTON, AA ;
GREENWOOD, RA .
JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT, 1983, 9 (02) :217-231
[10]  
Grufferman S, 1999, EPIDEMIOLOGY, V10, P209