Ureteropyeloscopic treatment of ureteral and intrarenal calculi

Retrograde endoscopic treatment of upper urinary tract calculi has progressed based on improvements in fiberoptic endoscopes, powerful and precise endoscopic lithotrites, and incremental advances in surgical technique. Where once only distal ureteral stones were addressed ureteroscopically, today stones throughout the upper urinary tract of all sizes and compositions can be treated ureteroscopically. The indications for retrograde endoscopic lithotripsy, current instrumentation, and progressive techniques will be presented in this article.