Regulated gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus for identifying conditional lethal phenotypes and antibiotic mode of action

Selectively regulating gene expression in bacteria has provided an important tool for studying gene function. However, well-regulated gene control systems have been restricted primarily for use in laboratory non-pathogenic strains of bacteria (e.g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis). The development of analogous systems for use in bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus would significantly enhance our ability to examine the contribution of any given gene product to pathogen growth and viability. In this report, we adapt, examine and compare three regulated gene expression systems in S. aureus, which had previously been used in B. subtilis. We demonstrate that all three systems function and exhibit titratable induction, together covering a dynamic range of gene expression of similar to 3000-fold. This dynamic range correlates well with the physiological expression levels of cellular proteins. Importantly, we show that one of these systems, the Spac system, is particularly useful for examining gene essentiality and creating specific conditional lethal phenotypes. Moreover, we find that titration of selective target gene products using this system allows direct demonstration of antibiotic mode of action. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.