Ambient sulfate concentration and chronic disease mortality in Beijing

In this study, ecological analysis was used to assess the relationship between ambient air pollution and human mortality. All the data on environmental measures and related factors, population size and number of deaths were collected for the city of Beijing, PR China and its eight districts for the years 1980-1992. In this study the concentration of SO42- was selected as a main indicator of environmental pollution for the following reasons: (i) SO42- data are available to cover all urban and suburban areas in Beijing compared with other air pollutants during the study period; (ii) SO42- levels indicate the concentration of sulfide (include sulfate) and acid fog in the air, and they are significantly lower in cleaner districts than in others; and (iii) analyses showed that SO42- levels are significantly correlated with daily mean concentrations of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxide, annual coal combustion, number of households using gas fuel, counts of motor vehicles and population density. Age-standardised mortality significant correlations were calculated using the Chinese population census data in 1990. Statistically rates due to specific diseases were observed between SO42- concentration and total mortality and mortality due to cardiovascular disease, malignant tumour and lung cancer (r > 0.50 in all cases). The correlations were not only found between the current SO42- concentration and these mortalities, but also for SO42- levels measured up to 12 years prior to death, which may suggest long-term effects of air pollution. No significant correlations were observed for mortality from respiratory diseases and cerebrovascular diseases (r = 0.30-0.50). This study indicates that the concentration of SO42- in air is a useful air pollution indicator in the areas where coal is used as the main source of energy. Areas with high levels of SO42- experienced higher mortality due to a variety of chronic diseases. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.